Pronouns

A. Personal Pronouns Definitions
Personal pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk orang, hewan, benda atau hal secara spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan.

Personal Pronouns as Subject and Object

a. Personal Pronouns as Subject ( I, You, They, We, She, He, It)
Example : 1. He is a accountant.
2. It is the most delicious cake that I have ever eaten.
3. My name is Donny. I am Twenty One.
4. My sister is older than me. She is Twelve.
5. Mike, You are a bad boy!
6. Robby and I are playing football. We like sports.
7. Yusuf and Ricky are my brothers. They are older than I am.

b. Personal Pronouns as Object (Me, You, Us, Them, Her, Him, It)
Example : 1. He lent me two interesting books.
2. None understands why the man really loves her.
3. Goodbye, Gaby! I’ll call you later.
4. Where is Oji? I need to speak to him.
5. The motorcycle is very dirty. My brother is cleaning it.
6. My cake are all gone. Someone has eaten them.

B. Possessive Pronouns Definitions.
Possessive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan atas suatu benda. Dalam sebuah kalimat, possessive pronouns dapat menggantikan subject, subject complement atau direct object. Kata-kata yang biasa digunakan adalah mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.

Possssive Pronouns as Subject and Object
a. Possessive Pronouns as Subject
Example : 1. Yours was sent yesterday. ( Subject of a sentence)
2. This is mine.
b. Possessive Pronouns as Object
Example : 1. I don’t like my clothes, but I like yours.
2. I want to have a big house just like hers.
3. My Shoes is expensive. His is more expensive.

C. Reflexive Pronouns Definitions
Reflexive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subject (berupa orang atau hewan) menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal action) pada suatu kalimat sehingga subjek memiliki bentuk reflexive sendiri di posisi objek. Pronouns ini terdiri dari myself, yourself, herself, itself pada bentuk singular dan yourselves, ourselves, dan themselves pada bentuk plural. Bentuk yang identic dengan intensive pronouns.
Example : 1. I’m going to buy myself new shoes.
2. It’s essential to treat others like you treat yourself.
3. She asked herself why she was easy to be angry.
4. Andhiko didn’t blame himself for the accident.
5. The dog is licking itself.
6. Why don’t you watch yourselves on TV?
7. We should give time for ourselves to take a rest.
8. The students ate cookies that they cooked by themselves.

Preposition and Common Combination preposition

PREPOSITION AND COMMON COMBINATION AND PREPOSITION

A. USE OF PREPOSITION

1. On
Used to express a surface of something:
• I put dictionary on the table.
• The paper is on my desk.
Used to indicate the state of something:
• Everything in this store is on sale.
• The building is on fire.

2. In
Used to indicate a location or place:
• I am currently staying in a hotel.
• I live in Bandar Lampung.
Used to express while doing something:
• In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times.
• A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product.

3.At
Used to indicate a place:
• There is a party at the club house.
• I passed my holiday at Bali.
Used to indicate an activity:
• He laughed at my acting.
• I am good at drawing a portrait.

4. From
Used to indicate a place:
• I come from New York.

5. Since
Used to point out specific time:
• He has been here since six o’clock.

B. COMMON COMBINATION AND PREPOSITION

1. Verb and prepositions combination
• The doctor advised me to abstain from the use of alcohol and tobacco.
• When you travel you have to adapt to the habits and customs of the country you visit.
• We asked about the condition of the roads between there and the capital.
• How do you decide on multiple job offers?

2. Noun and prepositions combinations
• He doesn’t know how to control his anger at work.
• You don’t have a good reason for leaving your current job.
• How do you cite an excerpt from a book?
• It’s been to two weeks and I still haven’t received a response to my complaint.

3. Adjective and prepositions combinations
• Honestly, I was surprised by his apology.
• The student worried about his exam results.
• She said that she was hopeless at math.
• I think you are qualified for the position.

Commonly Misused Words & Confusingly Related Words

1. Confused Word

a.Accede
Exceed
Accede means to “Agree or Allow”.
Exp : Oji cheaply finally acceded to accepting the presidency of the company.

Exceed means “to go beyond”.
Exp : The amount of alcohol in his blood exceeded the previous record.

b.Advice
Advise
Advice is a noun meaning “an opinion given with the intention of helping”.
Exp : My father still gives me advice even though I’m 39 years old.


Advise is a verb meaning “to give counsel or advise”.
Exp : The meteorologist advised listeners to stay indoors because of the extremely cold temperatures.

c.Baited
Bated
Baited usually refers to traps.
Exp : Baiting deer in order to hunt them is illegal in most states.


Bated is seldom used but means “reduced, abated”.
Exp : Chandra waited with bated breath for news of her success.

d.Coarse
Course
Coarse is an adjective meaning “rough big grained, not fine”.
Exp : We need to use coarse sandpaper to remove the paint from this wood.


Course is a noun reffering to a direction (the course of a ship) or a series of lectures on one subject (a history course in college).
Exp : The poetry course Stu deBaker took in college changed the course of his life.

e.Conform
Confirm
Conform means “to be similar to”.
Exp : In some schools, students must conform by wearing uniforms.


Confirm is to make sure or double check.
Exp : To confirm a flight reservation.

f.Credible
Creditable
Credible means “believable or reliable”.
Exp : There is no credible evidence that it was I who broke the lamp.


Creditable means “worthy of praise or respect”.
Exp : Altough Carlos Book’s new novel is not an outstanding piece of literature, it is a creditable one.

g.Discreet
Discrete
Discreet means “modest and prudent”.
Exp : Please be discreet about the surprise party, we don’t want her to find out.


Discrete means “separate and distinct”.
Exp : Even though they were married, they kept their money in two discrete accounts.

h.Disinterested
Uninterested
Disinterested is an adjective that means “unbiased or impartial”.
Exp : Since she had nothing at stake, she was a disinterested party in the matter.


Uninterested means “not interested”.
Exp : Anita job was just uninterested in the offer.

2. Commonly Misused Word
a.Accept
Except
Accept means to receive
Exp : Please accept my apology


Except means to exclude
Exp : He used to eat everything except meat.

b.Capital
Capitol
Capital refers to a city, capital also refers to wealth or resources.
Exp : The residents of the state capital protested the development plans.


Capitol to a building where lawmakers meet.
Exp : The capitol has undergone extensive renovations.